Referred to in the documentary
Prof. Cambridge Tony Badger wrote several books on FDR
Joseph Thompson
John Buchannan study of right
wingers in the 1930s
Gerald C. MacGuire leader of the
conspiracy
McCormack–Dickstein Committee
Another video on the same
topic British account. Notice the difference between today’s style of dumb-down
journalism, and the older which put instructing the audience first.
More on the plot, setting up a
Hitler type state http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkojpgNZD9I&feature=related
Mike Thompson commentator
and investigative reporter, his BBB program on the business plot of 1933, Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXGUgFXoRu4,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGPb6ulVEK0&feature=related part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Mav69K2zkgw part 3
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The tone of the Wikipedia article (below) is quite different from the history channel’s piecing together the events which
relies on experts, the events. The History Channels program is confirmed 3 decades
later by Mike Thompson’s investigation of the plot for the BBC. Wikipedia’s
contributor is relying on revisionist historian who are hiding an embarrassment.
Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 – June 21, 1940), nicknamed "The Fighting Quaker" and
"Old Gimlet Eye", was a Major
General in the U.S.
Marine Corps, and at the time of his death the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. During his 34-year career
as a Marine, he participated in military actions in the Philippines, China, in Central America and the Caribbean during the Banana
Wars, and France in World
War I. By the end of his career he had received 16 medals, five of which were for heroism. He is one
of 19 people to twice receive the Medal
of Honor, one of three to be awarded both the Marine
Corps Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor, and the only person to be awarded the Brevet Medal
and two Medals of Honor, all for separate actions.
The funeral was held at his home, attended
by friends and family as well as several politicians, members of the Philadelphia police force and officers of the Marine
Corps.[66] He was buried at Oaklands Cemetery in West
Chester, Pennsylvania.[67] Since his death in 1940, his family has maintained his home as it was when
he died, including a large amount of memorabilia he had collected throughout his varied career.[66]
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The Business Plot (also the Plot Against FDR and
the White House Putsch) was an alleged political conspiracy in 1933. Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler claimed that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a fascist veterans' organization and use it in a coup d’état to overthrow United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
with Butler as leader of that organization. In 1934 Butler testified to the McCormack–Dickstein Congressional committee on these claims.[1] In the opinion of the committee, these allegations were credible.[2]
[10
Reaction to Roosevelt
The election of Roosevelt was upsetting for many conservative businessmen of the time,
his "campaign promise that the government would provide jobs for all the unemployed had the perverse effect of creating a
new wave of unemployment by businessmen frightened by fears of socialism and reckless government spending."[11]
The Hoover administration had steadfastly defended the gold standard even when Britain abandoned it in September 1931. With a devalued currency British manufactured
goods became cheaper than American counterparts, resulting in more economic hardship for American industry. Roosevelt's campaign
had promised to re-evaluate America's commitment to the gold standard, and through a series of actions from March 6 to April
18, 1933 abandoned it.
Conservative businessmen and other supporters of the gold standard were dismayed. Hoover
who had championed the standard wrote that its abandonment was the first step toward "communism, fascism, socialism, statism,
planned economy."[11] He argued that the standard was needed to stop governments from "confiscating the savings
of the people by manipulation of inflation and deflation....We have gold because we cannot trust Governments."[11]
Roosevelt also dissolved any "gold clause" within contracts public or private that
guaranteed payment in gold. This clause was part of every government bond and most corporate bonds, "It was a standard feature
of mortgage agreements and other contracts. For creditors, it offered protection against inflation or congressional tinkering
with the currency." For debtors though it was dangerous as "The gold dollar, before Roosevelt reduced it, was $1.69. This
meant that a bank, for example, could suddenly require a farmer to make mortgage payments in gold coin-transferring a $10,000
mortgage into one worth $16,900, raising the farmer's debt burden by nearly 70 percent."[12] Likewise the U.S treasury could be required to pay the bearer of a $10,000 Liberty Bond
$16,900 in gold coins.[12] (The constitutionality of this Roosevelt policy was later challenged before the Supreme
Court in the Gold Clause Cases.)
With the end of the gold standard "conservative financiers were horrified. They viewed
a currency not solidly backed by gold as inflationary, undermining both private and business fortunes and leading to national
bankruptcy. Roosevelt was damned as a socialist or Communist out to destroy private enterprise by sapping the gold backing
of wealth in order to subsidize the poor."[13]
Ending the gold standard allowed the country to escape the cycle of deflation, but the shift was not painless, "Since higher prices were not yet accompanied by higher
wages, inflation meant lower [real] incomes for those fortunate enough to be employed. Until the effects of increased investment
spending ramified through the economy, there was little reason for investment incomes and hence consumption to rise dramatically.
Industrial production remained volatile".[14] The problem was a lack of any measures for stimulus to accompany the new policy, there
was no increased provision of money and credit.
To encourage foreign investment Roosevelt had the Reconstruction Finance Corporation purchase gold with dollars thereby driving up the price of gold and reducing the value
of the dollar. Still this did not immediately affect the balance of trade. Those considering buying American goods anticipated
that there would be a further depreciation which would allow their own currency further purchasing power and therefore greater
profits, so they held back their orders. At the same time Americans fearing additional depreciation purchased more foreign
commodities in fear they would lose purchasing power in the future; "The volume of U.S. imports rose by 10 percent between
1932 and 1933. In contrast, exports stagnated. The consequence was a deteriorating balance of trade."[14]
Another Roosevelt policy also had an unanticipated effect on the recovery, the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933 provided established minimum wages of 40 cents an hour and revised upward
the entire wage structure of many of the industries it covered, this placed upward pressure on labor costs.
The sustained recovery of industrial production "had to await stabilization of the
dollar in 1934, along with the concomitant growth of commodity exports and capital imports."[14]
McCormack–Dickstein
Committee
The Committee began examining evidence on November 20, 1934. On November 24 the committee
released a statement detailing the testimony it had heard about the plot and its preliminary findings. On February 15, 1935,
the committee submitted its final report to the House of Representatives.[15]
During the McCormack–Dickstein Committee hearings, Butler testified that MacGuire[16] attempted to recruit him to lead a coup, promising him an army of 500,000 men for a march on Washington, D.C., and financial backing.[17] Butler testified that the pretext for the coup would be that the president's health was
failing.[18]
Despite Butler's support for Roosevelt in the election,[9] and his reputation as a strong critic of capitalism,[19] Butler said the plotters felt his good reputation and popularity were vital in attracting
support amongst the general public, and saw him as easier to manipulate than others.
Though Butler had never spoken to them, Butler implicated several prominent businessmen,
including chemical industrialist Irénée du Pont, and veteran leaders as backers of the plot. The committee chose not to publish these
allegations because they were hearsay.[20][21]
Given a successful coup, Butler said that the plan was for him to have held near-absolute
power in the newly created position of "Secretary of General Affairs," while Roosevelt would have assumed a figurehead role.
Those implicated in the plot by Butler all denied any involvement. MacGuire was the
only figure identified by Butler who testified before the committee. Others Butler accused were not called to appear to testify
because the "committee has had no evidence before it that would in the slightest degree warrant calling before it such men...
The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into testimony which constitute mere hearsay."[20]
In response, Butler said that the committee had deliberately edited out of its published
findings the leading business people whom he had named in connection with the plot.[22] He said on February 17, 1935 on Radio WCAU, "Like
most committees it has slaughtered the little and allowed the big to escape. The big shots weren't even called to testify.
They were all mentioned in the testimony. Why was all mention of these names suppressed from the testimony?"[22]
On the final day of the committee,[23] January 29, 1935, John L. Spivak published the first of two articles in the Communist magazine New Masses, revealing portions of the Congressional committee testimony that had been redacted as
hearsay. Spivak argued that the plot was part of a Fascist conspiracy of financiers and Jews
to take over the U.S. government.[15][24]
Butler's testimony in detail
1933
On July 1, 1933, Butler met with {Gen.} MacGuire and Doyle for the first time.
Gerald C. MacGuire was a $100 a week bond salesman for Murphy & Company,[25][26] and member of the Connecticut American Legion.[27][28] Bill Doyle was commander of the Massachusetts American Legion.[29] Butler stated he was asked to run for National Commander of the American Legion.[30]
On July 3 or 4, Butler held a second meeting with MacGuire and Doyle. He stated they
offered to get hundreds of supporters at the American Legion convention to ask for a speech.[31] MacGuire left a typewritten speech with Butler that they proposed he read at the convention
"It urged the American Legion convention to adopt a resolution calling for the United States to return to the gold standard,
so that when veterans were paid the bonus promised to them, the money they received would not be worthless paper."[13] The inclusion of this demand further increased Butler's suspicion.
Around August 1 MacGuire visited Butler alone. Butler stated that MacGuire told him
Col. Murphy underwrote the formation of the American Legion in New York, and Butler told MacGuire that the American Legion was "nothing but a strike breaking outfit."[32] Butler never saw Doyle again.
On September 24,[33][34] MacGuire visited Butler's hotel room in Newark.[35] In late-September Butler met with Robert Sterling Clark.[36] Clark was an art collector and an heir to the Singer Corporation fortune.[37][38] MacGuire had known Robert S. Clark when he was a second lieutenant in China during the Boxer Rebellion. Clark had been nicknamed "the millionaire lieutenant.[38]
1934
During the first half of 1934 MacGuire traveled to Europe, and mailed post cards to
Butler.[39] On March 6, MacGuire wrote Clark and Clark's attorney a letter describing the Croix-de-Feu.[40]
On August 22, Butler met MacGuire at a hotel, the last time Butler met MacGuire.[41][42] According to Butler's account, it was on this occasion that MacGuire asked Butler to
run a new veterans organization and lead a coup attempt against the President.
On September 13, Paul Comly French, a reporter who had once been Butler's personal secretary,[43] met MacGuire in his office.[44] In late September, Butler told Van Zandt that co-conspirators would be meeting him at
an upcoming Veterans of Foreign Wars convention.
On November 20, the Committee began examining evidence. Journalist Paul Comly French broke the story in the Philadelphia Record and New York Post on November 21.[45] On November 22, The New York Times wrote its first article on the story and described it as a "gigantic hoax."
Other testimony
Some parts of Gen. Butler's story were supported by the statements of others. Paul
Comly French, a reporter for the Philadelphia Record and the New York Evening Post, testified to the same effect.[46]
Committee reports
The Congressional committee preliminary report said:
This committee has had no evidence before
it that would in the slightest degree warrant calling before it such men as John W. Davis, Gen. Hugh Johnson, General Harbord, Thomas W. Lamont, Admiral Sims, or Hanford MacNider.
The committee will not take cognizance of
names brought into the testimony which constitute mere hearsay.
This committee is not concerned with premature
newspaper accounts especially when given and published prior to the taking of the testimony.
As the result of information which has been
in possession of this committee for some time, it was decided to hear the story of Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler and such others
as might have knowledge germane to the issue. ...
The Congressional committee final report said:
In the last few weeks of the committee's official
life it received evidence showing that certain persons had made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country.
No evidence was presented and this committee had none to show a connection between this effort and any fascist activity of
any European country. There is no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in
execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient.
This committee received evidence from Maj.
Gen Smedley D. Butler (retired), twice decorated by the Congress of the United States. He testified before the committee as
to conversations with one Gerald C. MacGuire in which the latter is alleged to have suggested the formation of a fascist army
under the leadership of General Butler.
MacGuire denied these allegations under oath,
but your committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by General Butler, with the exception of the direct
statement suggesting the creation of the organization. This, however, was corroborated in the correspondence of MacGuire with
his principal, Robert Sterling Clark, of New York City, while MacGuire was abroad studying the various forms of veterans organizations
of Fascist character.[47]
Other commentators
The BBC's online précis for its documentary program The White House Coup, said
"The coup was aimed at toppling President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the help of half-a-million war veterans."[22] In that documentary, author and conspiracy theorist[52] John Buchanan said, "The investigations mysteriously turned to vapor when it comes time to call them
to testify. FDR's main interest was getting the New Deal passed, and so he struck a deal in which it was agreed that the plotters would walk free
if Wall Street would back off of their opposition to the New Deal and let FDR do what he wanted".[22] The program connected major companies to the American Liberty League, formed by Al Smith, who, the program asserted, was to be the fascist ruler.[53]
#53 http://www.archive.org/details/TheWhitehouseCoup a radio version of the program --- looks like a very interesting & useful site
